feat(error): type the public library API with ecr::Error

anyhow at the public boundary left library consumers unable to match
on failure modes: every mistake was an opaque error, and the ones
worth branching on (host prerequisites, unsupported architectures)
could only be recognized by string matching.

Public functions now return Result<T, ecr::Error> (thiserror) with
semantic variants for those conditions: user namespaces unavailable,
binfmt_misc unregistered, architecture not served by the registry,
missing subuid/subgid entry.  anyhow stays the internal error type;
everything else converts to Error::Other, which transparently wraps
the full context chain.  Errors raised inside the namespace child
cross the process boundary as formatted chains and also surface as
Other; the error pipe wraps them in anyhow before formatting so the
chain still survives.  The CLI maps the error back into anyhow, so
its output is unchanged.

Cargo.lock

@@ -354,6 +354,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sha2",
  "tar",
  "tempfile",
+ "thiserror",
  "tokio",
  "users",
  "which",

crates/ecr-cli/src/main.rs

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
             log::debug!("Cleanup complete.");
         }
 
-        result
+        result.map_err(anyhow::Error::from)
     } else {
         // Namespace/chroot mode
         let exit_code = namespace_mode(&args, rootfs.dir(), &config, &arch)?;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn namespace_mode(args: &Args, rootfs: &Path, config: &Config, arch: &str) -> Re
         working_dir,
     };
 
-    let exit_code = ecr::exec(rootfs, &opts);
+    let exit_code = ecr::exec(rootfs, &opts).map_err(anyhow::Error::from);
 
     // Cleanup happens automatically via tempfile
     if exit_code.is_ok() {

crates/ecr/Cargo.toml

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ tempfile = "3"
 
 # Error handling
 anyhow = "1"
+thiserror = "2"
 
 # Utilities
 dirs = "6"

crates/ecr/src/chroot.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
+
+use crate::Result;
 use nix::unistd::{chroot, execve};
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ pub fn run_chroot(
                     std::ffi::CString::new(s.as_str())
                         .with_context(|| format!("Argument contains a null byte: {:?}", s))
                 })
-                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+                .collect::<anyhow::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
             (program, args)
         }
         _ => {
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ pub fn run_chroot(
             std::ffi::CString::new(format!("{}={}", k, v))
                 .with_context(|| format!("Environment variable contains a null byte: {}={}", k, v))
         })
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        .collect::<anyhow::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
 
     std::env::set_current_dir(working_dir).with_context(|| {
         format!(
@@ -105,14 +107,14 @@ pub fn run_chroot(
 
     match result {
         Ok(_) => Ok(()), // Never reached
-        Err(e) => Err(anyhow!("Failed to exec {}: {}", program_path.display(), e)),
+        Err(e) => Err(anyhow!("Failed to exec {}: {}", program_path.display(), e).into()),
     }
 }
 
 /// Resolve the program to exec.  Commands containing a '/' are used as-is
 /// (existing check gives a clearer error than a raw ENOENT); a bare command
 /// name is looked up in the caller-composed PATH, like execvp(3) would.
-fn resolve_program(program: &str, env: &[(String, String)]) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+fn resolve_program(program: &str, env: &[(String, String)]) -> anyhow::Result<PathBuf> {
     if program.contains('/') {
         let path = PathBuf::from(program);
         if !path.exists() {

crates/ecr/src/config.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use anyhow::Context;
+
+use crate::Result;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]

crates/ecr/src/distro.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
+
+use crate::Result;
 
 /// Known distributions with optimized direct tarball downloads
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ impl Distro {
         match name.to_lowercase().as_str() {
             "ubuntu" => Ok(Distro::Ubuntu),
             "alpine" => Ok(Distro::Alpine),
-            _ => Err(anyhow!("Unknown distribution: {}", name)),
+            _ => Err(anyhow!("Unknown distribution: {}", name).into()),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -48,12 +50,12 @@ pub fn parse_image_ref(input: &str, arch: &str) -> Result<ImageSource> {
         .strip_prefix("docker://")
         .or_else(|| input.strip_prefix("oci://"))
     {
-        return parse_oci_ref(rest, arch);
+        return Ok(parse_oci_ref(rest, arch)?);
     }
 
     // Check for registry prefix (contains /)
     if input.contains('/') {
-        return parse_oci_ref(input, arch);
+        return Ok(parse_oci_ref(input, arch)?);
     }
 
     // Try to parse as known distro
@@ -89,12 +91,12 @@ pub fn parse_image_ref(input: &str, arch: &str) -> Result<ImageSource> {
             })
         }
         // Default to Docker Hub for unknown distros (debian, fedora, etc.)
-        _ => parse_oci_ref(input, arch),
+        _ => Ok(parse_oci_ref(input, arch)?),
     }
 }
 
 /// Parse OCI image reference (registry/repo:tag or repo:tag)
-fn parse_oci_ref(input: &str, arch: &str) -> Result<ImageSource> {
+fn parse_oci_ref(input: &str, arch: &str) -> anyhow::Result<ImageSource> {
     // Split off the tag.  A ':' is a tag separator only when it appears after
     // the last '/'; any ':' before a '/' is a port number
     // (e.g. localhost:5000/image).  With no '/' the single ':' is the tag.
@@ -158,10 +160,10 @@ pub fn map_arch(distro: Distro, arch: &str) -> String {
 
 /// Resolve the download URL for a known distro (optimized path)
 pub fn resolve_distro_url(distro: &Distro, version: Option<&str>, arch: &str) -> Result<String> {
-    match distro {
+    Ok(match distro {
         Distro::Ubuntu => resolve_ubuntu_url(version, arch),
         Distro::Alpine => resolve_alpine_url(version, arch),
-    }
+    }?)
 }
 
 /// URL of the checksum artifact covering the tarball at `tarball_url`, when
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ pub fn checksum_artifact_url(distro: &Distro, tarball_url: &str) -> Option<Strin
 
 /// Fetch the latest Ubuntu codename from a changelogs.ubuntu.com meta-release file.
 /// Pass the LTS-only URL to get the latest LTS, or the full URL for the latest release.
-fn fetch_ubuntu_codename(meta_release_url: &str) -> Result<String> {
+fn fetch_ubuntu_codename(meta_release_url: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     let text = reqwest::blocking::get(meta_release_url)
         .with_context(|| format!("Failed to fetch {}", meta_release_url))?
         .text()
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ fn fetch_ubuntu_codename(meta_release_url: &str) -> Result<String> {
 /// tells us the exact version number needed for the tarball filename.
 /// Fetch the latest minirootfs version for a given Alpine CDN branch.
 /// `branch` is the directory name on the CDN, e.g. `"latest-stable"` or `"v3.23"`.
-fn fetch_alpine_version_from_branch(branch: &str, arch: &str) -> Result<String> {
+fn fetch_alpine_version_from_branch(branch: &str, arch: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
     struct AlpineRelease {
         file: Option<String>,
@@ -259,13 +261,13 @@ fn fetch_alpine_version_from_branch(branch: &str, arch: &str) -> Result<String>
     ))
 }
 
-fn fetch_alpine_latest_version(arch: &str) -> Result<String> {
+fn fetch_alpine_latest_version(arch: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     fetch_alpine_version_from_branch("latest-stable", arch)
 }
 
 /// Resolve a `major.minor` Alpine series (e.g. `"3.24"`) to its current
 /// patch release by querying the CDN branch `v{minor}`.
-fn fetch_alpine_minor_version(minor: &str, arch: &str) -> Result<String> {
+fn fetch_alpine_minor_version(minor: &str, arch: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     fetch_alpine_version_from_branch(&format!("v{}", minor), arch)
 }
 
@@ -277,16 +279,16 @@ pub fn resolve_distro_version(
     version: Option<&str>,
     arch: &str,
 ) -> Result<String> {
-    match distro {
+    Ok(match distro {
         Distro::Ubuntu => resolve_ubuntu_version(version),
         Distro::Alpine => resolve_alpine_version(version, arch),
-    }
+    }?)
 }
 
 /// Build a map of YY.MM version strings to codenames by parsing the Ubuntu
 /// meta-release file (e.g. "24.04" → "noble", "22.04" → "jammy").
 /// Uses the full meta-release (not -lts) so non-LTS versions are also covered.
-fn fetch_ubuntu_version_map() -> Result<std::collections::HashMap<String, String>> {
+fn fetch_ubuntu_version_map() -> anyhow::Result<std::collections::HashMap<String, String>> {
     let text = reqwest::blocking::get("https://changelogs.ubuntu.com/meta-release")
         .context("Failed to fetch Ubuntu meta-release")?
         .text()
@@ -318,7 +320,7 @@ fn fetch_ubuntu_version_map() -> Result<std::collections::HashMap<String, String
     Ok(map)
 }
 
-fn resolve_ubuntu_version(version: Option<&str>) -> Result<String> {
+fn resolve_ubuntu_version(version: Option<&str>) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     let version = version.unwrap_or("latest");
     match version {
         "latest" => fetch_ubuntu_codename("https://changelogs.ubuntu.com/meta-release"),
@@ -358,7 +360,7 @@ fn is_ubuntu_version_number(s: &str) -> bool {
     )
 }
 
-fn resolve_alpine_version(version: Option<&str>, arch: &str) -> Result<String> {
+fn resolve_alpine_version(version: Option<&str>, arch: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     let alpine_arch = map_arch(Distro::Alpine, arch);
     Ok(match version.unwrap_or("latest") {
         "latest" | "stable" => fetch_alpine_latest_version(&alpine_arch)?,
@@ -380,7 +382,7 @@ fn resolve_alpine_version(version: Option<&str>, arch: &str) -> Result<String> {
     })
 }
 
-fn resolve_ubuntu_url(version: Option<&str>, arch: &str) -> Result<String> {
+fn resolve_ubuntu_url(version: Option<&str>, arch: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     let codename = resolve_ubuntu_version(version)?;
     let arch = map_arch(Distro::Ubuntu, arch);
     Ok(format!(
@@ -389,7 +391,7 @@ fn resolve_ubuntu_url(version: Option<&str>, arch: &str) -> Result<String> {
     ))
 }
 
-fn resolve_alpine_url(version: Option<&str>, arch: &str) -> Result<String> {
+fn resolve_alpine_url(version: Option<&str>, arch: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     let version_str = version.unwrap_or("latest");
     let alpine_arch = map_arch(Distro::Alpine, arch);
     let version_num = resolve_alpine_version(Some(version_str), arch)?;

crates/ecr/src/download.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::progress::{Progress, Unit};
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
 use futures_util::StreamExt;
 use reqwest::Client;
 use serde_json::Value;
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use crate::distro::{Distro, ImageSource};
+use crate::Result;
 
 /// Path of the digest sidecar file for a cached OCI image.
 /// e.g. `foo.tar.gz` → `foo.tar.gz.digest`
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ impl DownloadHasher {
     /// a bare sha256 hex string (distro checksum files); None verifies nothing.
     /// Algorithms outside sha256/sha512 cannot be checked: warn and accept
     /// rather than reject images a registry may legitimately serve.
-    fn verify(&self, expected: Option<&str>) -> Result<()> {
+    fn verify(&self, expected: Option<&str>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         let Some(expected) = expected else {
             return Ok(());
         };
@@ -84,12 +85,17 @@ fn hex_encode(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
 /// layers.  The registry returns the content-addressable digest in the
 /// `Docker-Content-Digest` response header of any manifest GET.
 pub fn fetch_oci_digest(registry: &str, repository: &str, tag: &str) -> Result<String> {
-    tokio::runtime::Runtime::new()
+    let digest = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new()
         .context("Failed to create Tokio runtime")?
-        .block_on(fetch_oci_digest_async(registry, repository, tag))
+        .block_on(fetch_oci_digest_async(registry, repository, tag))?;
+    Ok(digest)
 }
 
-async fn fetch_oci_digest_async(registry: &str, repository: &str, tag: &str) -> Result<String> {
+async fn fetch_oci_digest_async(
+    registry: &str,
+    repository: &str,
+    tag: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     let client = Client::builder()
         .timeout(Duration::from_secs(30))
         .build()
@@ -153,7 +159,7 @@ pub fn download_image(
             let url = crate::distro::resolve_distro_url(distro, version.as_deref(), arch)?;
             log::debug!("Resolved URL: {}", url);
             if !url.starts_with("http://") && !url.starts_with("https://") {
-                return Err(anyhow!("Unsupported URL scheme: {}", url));
+                return Err(anyhow!("Unsupported URL scheme: {}", url).into());
             }
             // Verify the tarball against the checksum the distro publishes
             // next to it.  A fetch failure (missing artifact, network error)
@@ -170,12 +176,12 @@ pub fn download_image(
                     None
                 }
             };
-            rt.block_on(download_file_async(
+            Ok(rt.block_on(download_file_async(
                 &url,
                 dest,
                 progress,
                 expected.as_deref(),
-            ))
+            ))?)
         }
         ImageSource::OciImage {
             registry,
@@ -184,20 +190,20 @@ pub fn download_image(
             architecture,
         } => {
             log::debug!("Pulling OCI image: {}/{}:{}", registry, repository, tag);
-            rt.block_on(download_oci_image_async(
+            Ok(rt.block_on(download_oci_image_async(
                 registry,
                 repository,
                 tag,
                 architecture,
                 dest,
                 progress,
-            ))
+            ))?)
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// Fetch the sha256 the distro publishes for the tarball at `tarball_url`.
-async fn fetch_published_checksum(distro: &Distro, tarball_url: &str) -> Result<String> {
+async fn fetch_published_checksum(distro: &Distro, tarball_url: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     let Some(checksum_url) = crate::distro::checksum_artifact_url(distro, tarball_url) else {
         return Err(anyhow!("no checksum artifact for {}", tarball_url));
     };
@@ -252,7 +258,7 @@ async fn download_file_async(
     dest: &Path,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
     expected: Option<&str>,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     log::debug!("Downloading: {}", url);
 
     let client = Client::builder()
@@ -292,7 +298,7 @@ async fn download_file_async(
     // reaches the cache; on any failure after the temp file is created we
     // remove it so stale .partial files don't accumulate.
     let mut hasher = DownloadHasher::new();
-    let result: Result<()> = async {
+    let result: anyhow::Result<()> = async {
         let mut file = tokio::fs::File::create(&temp_dest)
             .await
             .context("Failed to create temporary file")?;
@@ -335,7 +341,7 @@ async fn download_oci_image_async(
     arch: &str,
     dest: &Path,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let client = Client::builder()
         .timeout(Duration::from_secs(300))
         .build()
@@ -361,7 +367,7 @@ async fn try_download_oci_image(
     arch: &str,
     dest: &Path,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<String> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     // Get authentication token for the registry
     let token = get_auth_token(client, registry, repository).await?;
 
@@ -560,7 +566,7 @@ async fn try_download_oci_image(
     // using the tar + flate2 crates — no external `tar` binary required.
     let temp_dest = dest.with_extension("tar.partial");
 
-    let bundle_result: Result<()> = (|| {
+    let bundle_result: anyhow::Result<()> = (|| {
         use flate2::{write::GzEncoder, Compression};
 
         let out_file =
@@ -597,7 +603,11 @@ async fn try_download_oci_image(
     Ok(tag_digest)
 }
 
-async fn get_auth_token(client: &Client, registry: &str, repository: &str) -> Result<String> {
+async fn get_auth_token(
+    client: &Client,
+    registry: &str,
+    repository: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     // Docker Hub has a well-known, stable auth endpoint.
     if registry == "docker.io" {
         let url = format!(
@@ -697,7 +707,7 @@ fn parse_www_authenticate(header: &str) -> Option<(String, String)> {
 }
 
 /// Fetch a bearer token from a fully-constructed token URL.
-async fn fetch_bearer_token(client: &Client, token_url: &str) -> Result<String> {
+async fn fetch_bearer_token(client: &Client, token_url: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     let response = client
         .get(token_url)
         .send()
@@ -728,7 +738,7 @@ async fn download_blob_with_auth(
     label: &str,
     expected_digest: &str,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let mut request = client.get(url);
     if !token.is_empty() {
         request = request.header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {}", token));

crates/ecr/src/error.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//! Typed error for the public library API.
+//!
+//! Public functions return [`Result`] carrying [`Error`] so consumers can
+//! match on the failure modes that call for different handling — missing
+//! host prerequisites, an architecture the registry does not serve — versus
+//! ordinary failures.  Everything without a semantic variant surfaces as
+//! [`Error::Other`], which preserves the full anyhow context chain.
+
+/// Errors returned by the ecr library API.
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum Error {
+    /// Unprivileged user namespaces are disabled on this host.  The
+    /// remediation names the sysctl to set (the condition has two causes:
+    /// `kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=0` and `user.max_user_namespaces=0`).
+    #[error("user namespaces not available\n\n{remediation}")]
+    UserNamespacesUnavailable { remediation: String },
+
+    /// binfmt_misc is not registered for the target architecture, so
+    /// foreign-architecture binaries cannot run without QEMU user emulation.
+    #[error(
+        "binfmt_misc not registered for {arch}\n\n\
+         Install QEMU user emulation:\n\
+         \x20 Ubuntu/Debian: sudo apt install qemu-user-static\n\
+         \x20 Arch: sudo pacman -S qemu-user-static-binfmt\n\
+         \x20 Alpine: sudo apk add qemu-user-static"
+    )]
+    BinfmtNotRegistered { arch: String },
+
+    /// The registry publishes no linux manifest for the requested
+    /// architecture; `available` lists the architectures it does serve.
+    #[error("No manifest found for architecture '{arch}'. Available: {available}")]
+    ArchNotAvailable { arch: String, available: String },
+
+    /// /etc/subuid or /etc/subgid has no usable entry for this user (either
+    /// absent or with fewer than two mappable ids).
+    #[error(
+        "{0}\n\n\
+         Add a matching entry to /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid, e.g.:\n\
+         \x20 <user>:100000:65536"
+    )]
+    MissingSubidRange(String),
+
+    /// Any other failure, preserving the full context chain.  Errors raised
+    /// inside the namespace child (mounts, resolv.conf, chroot exec) also
+    /// surface here: they cross the process boundary as formatted chains,
+    /// losing their variant.
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Other(#[from] anyhow::Error),
+}
+
+/// Result alias for the public library API: `Result<T>` carries [`Error`].
+pub type Result<T, E = Error> = std::result::Result<T, E>;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn variants_render_remediation() {
+        let e = Error::UserNamespacesUnavailable {
+            remediation: "sysctl -w kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=1".to_string(),
+        };
+        let msg = e.to_string();
+        assert!(msg.contains("user namespaces not available"));
+        assert!(msg.contains("sysctl -w"));
+
+        let e = Error::BinfmtNotRegistered {
+            arch: "riscv64".to_string(),
+        };
+        let msg = e.to_string();
+        assert!(msg.contains("binfmt_misc not registered for riscv64"));
+        assert!(msg.contains("qemu-user-static"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn other_preserves_chain_through_sources() {
+        let inner = anyhow::Error::new(std::io::Error::new(
+            std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound,
+            "missing file",
+        ))
+        .context("extract failed");
+        let e = Error::Other(inner);
+        // Walk the source chain: the io error must remain reachable for
+        // error-report crates, even though Display shows only the top.
+        let mut source: Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> = Some(&e);
+        let mut found = false;
+        while let Some(err) = source {
+            if err.to_string().contains("missing file") {
+                found = true;
+            }
+            source = err.source();
+        }
+        assert!(found, "chain root lost through Error::Other");
+    }
+}

crates/ecr/src/exec.rs

@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use anyhow::Context;
 
 use crate::chroot;
 use crate::mount::{self, BindTarget};
 use crate::namespace;
 use crate::qemu;
 use crate::utils::{self, Arch};
+use crate::Result;
 
 /// Options for [`exec`].
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]

crates/ecr/src/extract.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use crate::progress::{Progress, Unit};
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use anyhow::Context;
+
+use crate::Result;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::{BufReader, Read};
 use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
@@ -15,15 +17,19 @@ pub fn extract_tarball(tarball: &Path, dest: &Path, progress: &dyn Progress) ->
     // reading the entire compressed archive twice for large OCI images).
     if filename.starts_with("oci-") {
         log::debug!("Detected multi-layer OCI image, extracting layers...");
-        return extract_multi_layer_oci(tarball, dest, progress);
+        return Ok(extract_multi_layer_oci(tarball, dest, progress)?);
     }
 
-    extract_single_archive(tarball, dest, progress)
+    Ok(extract_single_archive(tarball, dest, progress)?)
 }
 
 /// Extract a plain rootfs tarball, detecting the compression format from
 /// the filename with a magic-byte fallback.
-fn extract_single_archive(tarball: &Path, dest: &Path, progress: &dyn Progress) -> Result<()> {
+fn extract_single_archive(
+    tarball: &Path,
+    dest: &Path,
+    progress: &dyn Progress,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let filename = tarball.file_name().and_then(|n| n.to_str()).unwrap_or("");
 
     let file = File::open(tarball)
@@ -79,7 +85,11 @@ fn extract_single_archive(tarball: &Path, dest: &Path, progress: &dyn Progress)
 }
 
 /// Extract a multi-layer OCI image
-fn extract_multi_layer_oci(tarball: &Path, dest: &Path, progress: &dyn Progress) -> Result<()> {
+fn extract_multi_layer_oci(
+    tarball: &Path,
+    dest: &Path,
+    progress: &dyn Progress,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let filename = tarball.file_name().and_then(|n| n.to_str()).unwrap_or("");
 
     // Extract the outer OCI bundle (layers.manifest + layer_N.tar.gz files)
@@ -148,7 +158,7 @@ fn extract_oci_layer(
     dest: &Path,
     fixups: &mut DeferredFixups,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     use std::io::Read;
     let layer_name = layer_path
         .file_name()
@@ -196,7 +206,7 @@ fn extract_gz<R: std::io::Read>(
     dest: &Path,
     fixups: &mut DeferredFixups,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let gz_decoder = flate2::read::GzDecoder::new(reader);
     let archive = tar::Archive::new(gz_decoder);
 
@@ -210,7 +220,7 @@ fn extract_xz<R: std::io::Read>(
     dest: &Path,
     fixups: &mut DeferredFixups,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let xz_decoder = xz2::read::XzDecoder::new(reader);
     let archive = tar::Archive::new(xz_decoder);
 
@@ -224,7 +234,7 @@ fn extract_zst<R: std::io::Read>(
     dest: &Path,
     fixups: &mut DeferredFixups,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let zst_decoder = zstd::Decoder::new(reader)?;
     let archive = tar::Archive::new(zst_decoder);
 
@@ -238,7 +248,7 @@ fn extract_tar<R: std::io::Read>(
     dest: &Path,
     fixups: &mut DeferredFixups,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let archive = tar::Archive::new(reader);
 
     extract_archive(archive, dest, "Extracting tar archive", fixups, progress)?;
@@ -295,7 +305,7 @@ fn normalize_within(dest: &Path, target: &Path) -> Option<PathBuf> {
 }
 
 /// Apply hard links and directory modes collected during extraction.
-fn apply_fixups(dest: &Path, fixups: &mut DeferredFixups) -> Result<()> {
+fn apply_fixups(dest: &Path, fixups: &mut DeferredFixups) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     for (dst, target) in fixups.hard_links.drain(..) {
         apply_hard_link(dest, &dst, &target)?;
     }
@@ -311,7 +321,7 @@ fn apply_fixups(dest: &Path, fixups: &mut DeferredFixups) -> Result<()> {
 /// exists on disk; otherwise the entry is preserved verbatim as a symlink —
 /// some images (Fedora's ca-trust directory-hash) ship links whose targets
 /// are generated after linking and never exist anywhere in the archive.
-fn apply_hard_link(dest: &Path, dst: &Path, target: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+fn apply_hard_link(dest: &Path, dst: &Path, target: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     if dst.symlink_metadata().is_ok() {
         std::fs::remove_file(dst)
             .with_context(|| format!("Failed to replace {}", dst.display()))?;
@@ -339,7 +349,7 @@ fn extract_archive<R: std::io::Read>(
     label: &str,
     fixups: &mut DeferredFixups,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     progress.begin(label, Unit::Files, None);
 
     archive.set_preserve_permissions(true);

crates/ecr/src/kernel.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@
 //! only ELF, uImage and raw images.
 
 use crate::progress::{Progress, Unit};
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
+
+use crate::Result;
 use std::io::{Read, Seek};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::time::Duration;
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ fn alpine_kernel_arch(arch: &str) -> &'static str {
 
 /// Get the Alpine version branch for kernel downloads
 /// We use the latest stable branch
-fn get_alpine_branch() -> Result<String> {
+fn get_alpine_branch() -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     // Fetch the latest-stable branch from Alpine CDN
     // The URL redirects to the current stable version
     let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::builder()
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ fn get_alpine_branch() -> Result<String> {
     fetch_alpine_branch_from_yaml()
 }
 
-fn fetch_alpine_branch_from_yaml() -> Result<String> {
+fn fetch_alpine_branch_from_yaml() -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
     struct AlpineRelease {
         version: Option<String>,
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ fn fetch_alpine_branch_from_yaml() -> Result<String> {
 /// package index. Returns the package name and version. The index is
 /// scanned once; whichever candidate flavor appears with the highest
 /// preference (lowest index) wins.
-fn find_kernel_package(branch: &str, arch: &str) -> Result<(&'static str, String)> {
+fn find_kernel_package(branch: &str, arch: &str) -> anyhow::Result<(&'static str, String)> {
     // Alpine package index URL
     let url = format!(
         "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/{}/main/{}/APKINDEX.tar.gz",
@@ -241,7 +243,7 @@ fn download_alpine_kernel(
     arch: &str,
     dest: &Path,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let (package, version) = find_kernel_package(branch, arch)?;
     log::debug!("Found {} version: {}", package, version);
 
@@ -268,7 +270,11 @@ fn download_alpine_kernel(
     result
 }
 
-async fn download_kernel_async(url: &str, dest: &Path, progress: &dyn Progress) -> Result<()> {
+async fn download_kernel_async(
+    url: &str,
+    dest: &Path,
+    progress: &dyn Progress,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     use futures_util::StreamExt;
     let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
         .timeout(Duration::from_secs(300))
@@ -327,7 +333,7 @@ async fn download_kernel_async(url: &str, dest: &Path, progress: &dyn Progress)
 }
 
 /// Extract the kernel image from an Alpine APK file
-fn extract_kernel_from_apk(apk_path: &Path, dest: &Path, package: &str) -> Result<()> {
+fn extract_kernel_from_apk(apk_path: &Path, dest: &Path, package: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     // The kernel binary is named after the flavor: boot/vmlinuz-virt for
     // linux-virt, boot/vmlinuz-lts for linux-lts
     let flavor = package
@@ -366,7 +372,7 @@ fn extract_kernel_from_apk(apk_path: &Path, dest: &Path, package: &str) -> Resul
 /// loader understands only ELF, uImage and raw images — a gzipped Image
 /// is loaded verbatim and never boots. Uncompressed formats (x86 bzImage,
 /// ppc64le ELF, raw Image) are left untouched.
-fn decompress_kernel_if_gzipped(path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+fn decompress_kernel_if_gzipped(path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let mut file =
         std::fs::File::open(path).with_context(|| format!("Failed to open {}", path.display()))?;
 

crates/ecr/src/lib.rs

@@ -9,12 +9,16 @@
 //! The main entry points are [`rootfs`] (cache-aware rootfs preparation and
 //! persistence) and [`exec`] (running a command inside a prepared rootfs
 //! with a caller-composed environment, explicit bind targets and a target
-//! architecture).
+//! architecture).  Public functions return [`Result`] carrying the [`Error`]
+//! enum, so consumers can match on host-readiness failures (`Error`
+//! variants) versus ordinary failures ([`Error::Other`], which preserves the
+//! full context chain).
 
 pub mod chroot;
 pub mod config;
 pub mod distro;
 pub mod download;
+pub mod error;
 pub mod exec;
 pub mod extract;
 pub mod kernel;
@@ -26,6 +30,7 @@ pub mod qemu_vm;
 pub mod rootfs;
 pub mod utils;
 
+pub use error::{Error, Result};
 pub use exec::{exec, ExecOptions};
 pub use mount::BindTarget;
 pub use progress::{NoProgress, Progress, Unit};

crates/ecr/src/mount.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
+
+use crate::Result;
 use nix::mount::{mount, MsFlags};
 use std::path::Path;
 use tempfile::TempDir;
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ use tempfile::TempDir;
 /// path would silently split the option string at the wrong boundary and
 /// produce a cryptic kernel error; a bare backslash would be mis-interpreted
 /// as starting an escape sequence.
-fn escape_overlay_path(path: &Path) -> Result<String> {
+fn escape_overlay_path(path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     let s = path.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
         anyhow!(
             "Overlay path '{}' contains non-UTF-8 characters",
@@ -48,7 +50,8 @@ pub fn in_rootfs(rootfs: &Path, target: &Path) -> Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "Path '{}' escapes the rootfs: '..' components are not allowed",
             target.display()
-        ));
+        )
+        .into());
     }
     Ok(rootfs.join(relative))
 }
@@ -96,7 +99,7 @@ pub fn setup_mounts(rootfs: &Path, binds: &[BindTarget]) -> Result<Vec<TempDir>>
     Ok(overlay_temps)
 }
 
-fn mount_proc(rootfs: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+fn mount_proc(rootfs: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let proc_path = rootfs.join("proc");
     std::fs::create_dir_all(&proc_path)?;
 
@@ -108,7 +111,7 @@ fn mount_proc(rootfs: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn mount_sys(rootfs: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+fn mount_sys(rootfs: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let sys_path = rootfs.join("sys");
     std::fs::create_dir_all(&sys_path)?;
 
@@ -147,7 +150,7 @@ fn mount_sys(rootfs: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn mount_dev(rootfs: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+fn mount_dev(rootfs: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let dev_path = rootfs.join("dev");
     std::fs::create_dir_all(&dev_path)?;
 
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@ fn mount_dev(rootfs: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn mount_devpts(rootfs: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+fn mount_devpts(rootfs: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let devpts_path = rootfs.join("dev/pts");
     std::fs::create_dir_all(&devpts_path)?;
 
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ fn mount_devpts(rootfs: &Path) -> Result<()> {
 
 /// Setup overlay mount for a workspace directory
 /// Returns a TempDir that must be kept alive for the overlay to work
-fn setup_overlay(source: &Path, mount_point: &Path) -> Result<TempDir> {
+fn setup_overlay(source: &Path, mount_point: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<TempDir> {
     std::fs::create_dir_all(mount_point)?;
 
     // Create temp directories for overlay
@@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ fn setup_overlay(source: &Path, mount_point: &Path) -> Result<TempDir> {
 }
 
 /// Setup read-write bind mount
-fn setup_bind_rw(source: &Path, mount_point: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+fn setup_bind_rw(source: &Path, mount_point: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     std::fs::create_dir_all(mount_point)?;
 
     let source = source.canonicalize()?;

crates/ecr/src/namespace.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
 use nix::sched::{clone, CloneFlags};
 use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
-use nix::unistd::{getgid, getuid, Pid};
+use nix::unistd::{getgid, getuid, sethostname, Pid};
 
 /// RAII wrapper that closes a raw file descriptor on drop.
 /// Guarantees all pipe fds are closed on every return path, including
@@ -33,12 +34,12 @@ pub fn check_user_namespace() -> Result<()> {
     // Check kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone on systems that have it
     if let Ok(content) = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/sys/kernel/unprivileged_userns_clone") {
         if content.trim() == "0" {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
+            return Err(Error::UserNamespacesUnavailable {
-                "User namespaces not available\n\n\
+                remediation: "Enable with:\n  \
-                Enable with:\n\
+                    sysctl -w kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=1\n\n\
-                  sysctl -w kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=1\n\n\
+                    Or check AppArmor profile restrictions."
-                Or check AppArmor profile restrictions."
+                    .to_string(),
-            ));
+            });
         }
     }
 
@@ -46,11 +47,11 @@ pub fn check_user_namespace() -> Result<()> {
     if let Ok(content) = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/sys/user/max_user_namespaces") {
         if let Ok(max) = content.trim().parse::<u32>() {
             if max == 0 {
-                return Err(anyhow!(
+                return Err(Error::UserNamespacesUnavailable {
-                    "User namespaces not available\n\n\
+                    remediation: "Enable with:\n  \
-                    Enable with:\n\
+                        sysctl -w user.max_user_namespaces=10000"
-                      sysctl -w user.max_user_namespaces=10000"
+                        .to_string(),
-                ));
+                });
             }
         }
     }
@@ -79,14 +80,14 @@ where
         let mut fds: [i32; 2] = [-1, -1];
 
         if libc::pipe(fds.as_mut_ptr()) != 0 {
-            return Err(anyhow!("Failed to create sync pipe"));
+            return Err(anyhow!("Failed to create sync pipe").into());
         }
         parent_read = AutoCloseFd(fds[0]);
         parent_write = AutoCloseFd(fds[1]);
         // parent_read/write auto-closed if subsequent pipes fail ↑
 
         if libc::pipe(fds.as_mut_ptr()) != 0 {
-            return Err(anyhow!("Failed to create done pipe"));
+            return Err(anyhow!("Failed to create done pipe").into());
         }
         child_read = AutoCloseFd(fds[0]);
         child_write = AutoCloseFd(fds[1]);
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ where
         libc::fcntl(child_write.raw(), libc::F_SETFD, libc::FD_CLOEXEC);
 
         if libc::pipe(fds.as_mut_ptr()) != 0 {
-            return Err(anyhow!("Failed to create error pipe"));
+            return Err(anyhow!("Failed to create error pipe").into());
         }
         error_read = AutoCloseFd(fds[0]);
         error_write = AutoCloseFd(fds[1]);
@@ -141,15 +142,20 @@ where
                 let result = if let Some(func) = f.take() {
                     func()
                 } else {
-                    Err(anyhow!("Function already called"))
+                    Err(anyhow!("Function already called").into())
                 };
 
                 // On failure, write the full error chain to the error pipe
                 // before signalling done, so the parent can reconstruct it.
-                if let Err(ref e) = result {
+                // Wrapping in anyhow makes `{:#}` print the whole chain,
-                    let msg = format!("{:#}", e);
+                // not just the top message.
+                let failure = match result {
+                    Ok(()) => None,
+                    Err(e) => Some(format!("{:#}", anyhow::Error::from(e))),
+                };
+                if let Some(msg) = &failure {
                     let bytes = msg.as_bytes();
-                    libc::write(ew, bytes.as_ptr() as *const libc::c_void, bytes.len());
+                    libc::write(ew, bytes.as_ptr() as *mut libc::c_void, bytes.len());
                 }
                 libc::close(ew);
 
@@ -157,7 +163,7 @@ where
                 libc::write(cw, c"done".as_ptr() as *const libc::c_void, 4);
                 libc::close(cw);
 
-                if result.is_ok() {
+                if failure.is_none() {
                     0
                 } else {
                     1
@@ -221,7 +227,8 @@ where
     drop(error_read);
 
     // Wait for child process
-    let status = nix::sys::wait::waitpid(pid, None)?;
+    let status =
+        nix::sys::wait::waitpid(pid, None).context("Failed to wait for the namespace child")?;
 
     match status {
         nix::sys::wait::WaitStatus::Exited(_, 0) => Ok(0),
@@ -229,7 +236,7 @@ where
             // If the child reported an error (e.g., setup failure), return it.
             // Otherwise, just forward the exit code without an error message.
             if let Some(msg) = child_error {
-                Err(anyhow!("{}", msg))
+                Err(anyhow!("{}", msg).into())
             } else {
                 Ok(code)
             }
@@ -253,20 +260,16 @@ fn setup_user_namespace(pid: Pid) -> Result<()> {
     // IDs 1..sub_uid_count-1 to the subordinate range.  A count of 0 or 1
     // leaves no subordinate IDs to map and indicates a malformed /etc/subuid.
     if sub_uid_count < 2 {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
+        return Err(Error::MissingSubidRange(format!(
-            "subuid count {} for uid {} is too small (need at least 2); \
+            "subuid count {} for uid {} is too small (need at least 2)",
-             check /etc/subuid",
+            sub_uid_count, uid
-            sub_uid_count,
+        )));
-            uid
-        ));
     }
     if sub_gid_count < 2 {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
+        return Err(Error::MissingSubidRange(format!(
-            "subgid count {} for gid {} is too small (need at least 2); \
+            "subgid count {} for gid {} is too small (need at least 2)",
-             check /etc/subgid",
+            sub_gid_count, gid
-            sub_gid_count,
+        )));
-            gid
-        ));
     }
 
     // Allow setgroups so apt and other tools can drop privileges
@@ -292,9 +295,7 @@ fn setup_user_namespace(pid: Pid) -> Result<()> {
         .context("Failed to execute newuidmap")?;
 
     if !uid_result.success() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
+        return Err(anyhow!("newuidmap failed - ensure subuid entry exists in /etc/subuid").into());
-            "newuidmap failed - ensure subuid entry exists in /etc/subuid"
-        ));
     }
 
     // newgidmap format: newgidmap pid ns_start host_start count ...
@@ -311,9 +312,7 @@ fn setup_user_namespace(pid: Pid) -> Result<()> {
         .context("Failed to execute newgidmap")?;
 
     if !gid_result.success() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
+        return Err(anyhow!("newgidmap failed - ensure subgid entry exists in /etc/subgid").into());
-            "newgidmap failed - ensure subgid entry exists in /etc/subgid"
-        ));
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -341,13 +340,11 @@ fn get_subuid_range(uid: nix::unistd::Uid) -> Result<(u32, u32)> {
         }
     }
 
-    Err(anyhow!(
+    Err(Error::MissingSubidRange(format!(
-        "No subuid entry found for user {} (uid {}). \
+        "no subuid entry found for user {} (uid {})",
-        Add one to /etc/subuid, e.g.:\n  {}:100000:65536",
         username.as_deref().unwrap_or("<unknown>"),
         uid,
-        username.as_deref().unwrap_or(&uid.to_string()),
+    )))
-    ))
 }
 
 /// Get subordinate GID range for a group from /etc/subgid
@@ -372,13 +369,11 @@ fn get_subgid_range(gid: nix::unistd::Gid) -> Result<(u32, u32)> {
         }
     }
 
-    Err(anyhow!(
+    Err(Error::MissingSubidRange(format!(
-        "No subgid entry found for group {} (gid {}). \
+        "no subgid entry found for group {} (gid {})",
-        Add one to /etc/subgid, e.g.:\n  {}:100000:65536",
         groupname.as_deref().unwrap_or("<unknown>"),
         gid,
-        groupname.as_deref().unwrap_or(&gid.to_string()),
+    )))
-    ))
 }
 
 /// Generate a unique hostname for a chroot run:
@@ -393,10 +388,7 @@ fn generate_hostname(distro: &str) -> String {
 
 /// Set hostname in UTS namespace
 pub fn set_hostname(distro: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    use nix::unistd::sethostname;
-
     let hostname = generate_hostname(distro);
-
     sethostname(&hostname).with_context(|| format!("Failed to set hostname to {}", hostname))?;
 
     Ok(())

crates/ecr/src/qemu.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
 use std::path::Path;
 
 /// Check if binfmt_misc is registered for the target architecture
@@ -8,14 +8,9 @@ pub fn check_binfmt(arch: &str) -> Result<()> {
     let binfmt_path = format!("/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/qemu-{}", qemu_arch);
 
     if !Path::new(&binfmt_path).exists() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
+        return Err(Error::BinfmtNotRegistered {
-            "binfmt_misc not registered for {}\n\n\
+            arch: arch.to_string(),
-            Install QEMU user emulation:\n\
+        });
-              Ubuntu/Debian: sudo apt install qemu-user-static\n\
-              Arch: sudo pacman -S qemu-user-static-binfmt\n\
-              Alpine: sudo apk add qemu-user-static",
-            arch
-        ));
     }
 
     log::debug!("QEMU binfmt_misc registered for {}", arch);

crates/ecr/src/qemu_vm.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use crate::progress::{Progress, Unit};
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
+
+use crate::Result;
 use cpio::{newc, NewcBuilder};
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
@@ -28,18 +30,12 @@ pub struct QemuConfig {
 pub fn launch_qemu(config: QemuConfig, progress: &dyn Progress) -> Result<()> {
     // Check that kernel exists
     if !config.kernel_path.exists() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
+        return Err(anyhow!("Kernel not found: {}", config.kernel_path.display()).into());
-            "Kernel not found: {}",
-            config.kernel_path.display()
-        ));
     }
 
     // Check that rootfs exists
     if !config.rootfs_path.exists() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
+        return Err(anyhow!("Rootfs not found: {}", config.rootfs_path.display()).into());
-            "Rootfs not found: {}",
-            config.rootfs_path.display()
-        ));
     }
 
     // Validate memory string format
@@ -171,7 +167,8 @@ pub fn launch_qemu(config: QemuConfig, progress: &dyn Progress) -> Result<()> {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "QEMU exited with non-zero status: {}",
             status.code().unwrap_or(-1)
-        ));
+        )
+        .into());
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -268,7 +265,7 @@ fn check_kvm_capabilities() -> bool {
 /// Create an uncompressed cpio initramfs from a directory.
 /// Entries are streamed straight to disk so large rootfs images never have
 /// to fit in memory as a whole archive.
-fn create_initramfs(rootfs: &Path, progress: &dyn Progress) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+fn create_initramfs(rootfs: &Path, progress: &dyn Progress) -> anyhow::Result<PathBuf> {
     // Create a temporary file for the initramfs (uncompressed cpio)
     // Use a temp file in the same directory as rootfs, or fall back to /tmp
     let initramfs_path = rootfs
@@ -314,7 +311,7 @@ fn write_cpio_archive<W: Write>(
     rootfs: &Path,
     writer: &mut W,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<u64> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
     // Track hard links by (device, inode): the value is the synthetic cpio
     // inode assigned to the first occurrence. The Linux initramfs loader
     // turns later zero-size entries sharing that inode into hard links.
@@ -460,7 +457,7 @@ fn write_cpio_entry<W: Write>(
     nlink: u32,
     ino: u32,
     data: &[u8],
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let builder = NewcBuilder::new(name)
         .mode(mode)
         .uid(0)
@@ -494,7 +491,7 @@ fn write_dir_entries(
     next_ino: &mut u32,
     written_names: &mut std::collections::HashSet<String>,
     total_data: &mut u64,
-) -> Result<u64> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
     // Read directory entries
     let dir_entries: Vec<_> = match std::fs::read_dir(current) {
         Ok(entries) => entries.collect::<std::result::Result<_, _>>()?,

crates/ecr/src/rootfs.rs

@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@
 
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
+
+use crate::Result;
 use tempfile::TempDir;
 
 use crate::distro::{
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ impl RootfsCache {
     pub fn default_dir() -> Result<PathBuf> {
         dirs::cache_dir()
             .map(|p| p.join("ecr"))
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Could not determine cache directory"))
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Could not determine cache directory").into())
     }
 
     pub fn dir(&self) -> &Path {
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ impl RootfsCache {
             log::debug!("Using cached tarball: {}", cache_path.display());
         }
 
-        extract_prepared(cache_path, arch, progress)
+        Ok(extract_prepared(cache_path, arch, progress)?)
     }
 
     /// Prepare a provisioned rootfs with cache amortization: when the cache
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ impl RootfsCache {
         provision: F,
     ) -> Result<PreparedRootfs>
     where
-        F: FnOnce(&PreparedRootfs) -> Result<()>,
+        F: FnOnce(&PreparedRootfs) -> anyhow::Result<()>,
     {
         let arch = req.resolved_arch();
         let source = resolve_source(&req.image, &arch)?;
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ impl RootfsCache {
 
         if !req.no_cache && cache_path.exists() && marker.exists() {
             log::debug!("Using provisioned cache entry: {}", cache_path.display());
-            return extract_prepared(cache_path, arch, progress);
+            return Ok(extract_prepared(cache_path, arch, progress)?);
         }
 
         let rootfs = self.prepare(req, progress)?;
@@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ impl PreparedRootfs {
 /// "lts", "edge", …) to a concrete version, so the cache key is stable
 /// (e.g. "ubuntu-noble-amd64", not "ubuntu-latest-amd64") and a future
 /// release automatically gets its own cache entry.
-fn resolve_source(image: &str, arch: &str) -> Result<ImageSource> {
+fn resolve_source(image: &str, arch: &str) -> anyhow::Result<ImageSource> {
     let source = parse_image_ref(image, arch)?;
     match source {
         ImageSource::DirectTarball { distro, version } => {
@@ -301,7 +303,7 @@ fn extract_prepared(
     cache_path: PathBuf,
     arch: String,
     progress: &dyn Progress,
-) -> Result<PreparedRootfs> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<PreparedRootfs> {
     let temp = tempfile::tempdir().context("Failed to create temporary directory")?;
     let rootfs = temp.path().to_path_buf();
 
@@ -318,7 +320,7 @@ fn extract_prepared(
 /// Write a tarball of `rootfs` at `dest`, compressed according to dest's
 /// extension (.tar.gz, .tar.xz, .tar.zst, plain .tar), atomically via a
 /// `.partial` file.
-fn pack_rootfs(rootfs: &Path, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+fn pack_rootfs(rootfs: &Path, dest: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     // Packing the tree into a tarball placed inside it would recurse
     // forever: the walker keeps seeing the archive grow.
     let rootfs_canonical = rootfs
@@ -341,7 +343,7 @@ fn pack_rootfs(rootfs: &Path, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     let file = std::fs::File::create(&partial)
         .with_context(|| format!("Failed to create {}", partial.display()))?;
 
-    let result: Result<()> = (|| {
+    let result: anyhow::Result<()> = (|| {
         if filename.ends_with(".tar.gz") || filename.ends_with(".tgz") {
             let encoder = flate2::write::GzEncoder::new(file, flate2::Compression::default());
             let encoder = write_rootfs_tar(rootfs, encoder)?;
@@ -373,7 +375,7 @@ fn pack_rootfs(rootfs: &Path, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
 
 /// Write the rootfs tree into a tar archive streamed to `writer`, returning
 /// the writer so the caller can finalise the compression stream.
-fn write_rootfs_tar<W: std::io::Write>(rootfs: &Path, writer: W) -> Result<W> {
+fn write_rootfs_tar<W: std::io::Write>(rootfs: &Path, writer: W) -> anyhow::Result<W> {
     let mut builder = tar::Builder::new(writer);
     // Store symlinks as symlinks; following them would duplicate the target's
     // contents into the archive (and recurse into symlinked directories).

crates/ecr/src/utils.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+
+use crate::Result;
 use std::path::Path;
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ pub fn detect_shell(rootfs: &Path) -> &'static str {
 /// Returns an error if the format is invalid
 pub fn validate_memory_string(s: &str) -> Result<()> {
     if s.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("Memory size cannot be empty"));
+        return Err(anyhow!("Memory size cannot be empty").into());
     }
 
     // Must end with a valid suffix or be a plain number
@@ -225,12 +227,12 @@ pub fn validate_memory_string(s: &str) -> Result<()> {
 
     // Check for negative numbers
     if numeric_part.starts_with('-') {
-        return Err(anyhow!("Memory size cannot be negative: {}", s));
+        return Err(anyhow!("Memory size cannot be negative: {}", s).into());
     }
 
     // Must be a valid positive number
     if numeric_part.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("Memory size must have a numeric value: {}", s));
+        return Err(anyhow!("Memory size must have a numeric value: {}", s).into());
     }
 
     // Check if it's a valid integer
@@ -238,7 +240,8 @@ pub fn validate_memory_string(s: &str) -> Result<()> {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "Memory size must be a positive integer with optional suffix: {}",
             s
-        ));
+        )
+        .into());
     }
 
     // Check suffix is valid
@@ -249,7 +252,8 @@ pub fn validate_memory_string(s: &str) -> Result<()> {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "Invalid memory suffix '{}'. Valid suffixes: K, M, G, T",
                 suffix
-            ));
+            )
+            .into());
         }
     }