feat: add --kernel flag for QEMU system emulation mode

Add --kernel <PATH> option to boot extracted rootfs in a QEMU virtual
machine instead of namespace/chroot mode. The rootfs is converted to an
ext4 disk image using mke2fs and booted with the provided kernel.

Cargo.lock

@@ -310,10 +310,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "tempfile",
  "tokio",
  "users",
+ "which",
  "xz2",
  "zstd",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "either"
+version = "1.16.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "91622ff5e7162018101f2fea40d6ebf4a78bbe5a49736a2020649edf9693679e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "encode_unicode"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -329,6 +336,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "env_home"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c7f84e12ccf0a7ddc17a6c41c93326024c42920d7ee630d04950e6926645c0fe"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "equivalent"
 version = "1.0.2"
@@ -1997,6 +2010,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustls-pki-types",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "which"
+version = "7.0.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "24d643ce3fd3e5b54854602a080f34fb10ab75e0b813ee32d00ca2b44fa74762"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+ "env_home",
+ "rustix",
+ "winsafe",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-util"
 version = "0.1.11"
@@ -2197,6 +2222,12 @@ version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d6bbff5f0aada427a1e5a6da5f1f98158182f26556f345ac9e04d36d0ebed650"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winsafe"
+version = "0.0.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d135d17ab770252ad95e9a872d365cf3090e3be864a34ab46f48555993efc904"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen"
 version = "0.51.0"

Cargo.toml

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ anyhow = "1"
 
 # Utilities
 dirs = "6"
+which = "7"
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "io-util"] }
 futures-util = "0.3"
 indicatif = "0.18"

README.md

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ ecr [OPTIONS] <DISTRO[:VERSION]> [-- COMMAND...]
 | `--no-cache` | Force a fresh download, bypassing the cache |
 | `-v, --verbose` | Print diagnostic output (URLs, layer info, extraction steps) |
 | `-a, --arch <ARCH>` | Target architecture (`amd64`, `arm64`, `armhf`, `riscv64`, …) |
+| `--kernel <PATH>` | Boot with QEMU system emulation using specified kernel |
+| `-m, --memory <SIZE>` | Memory for QEMU VM (default: 2G, only with `--kernel`) |
 
 ## Examples
 
@@ -56,8 +58,33 @@ ecr --arch arm64 alpine -- uname -m
 
 # Always pull a fresh image
 ecr --no-cache fedora
+
+# Boot with QEMU system emulation (requires qemu-system-<arch> and e2fsprogs)
+ecr --kernel /boot/vmlinuz ubuntu
+
+# Boot with custom memory
+ecr --kernel /boot/vmlinuz --memory 4G alpine
 ```
 
+## QEMU System Mode
+
+When `--kernel` is specified, ecr boots the rootfs in a full QEMU virtual machine instead of using namespaces:
+
+```sh
+ecr --kernel /boot/vmlinuz alpine
+```
+
+This mode:
+- Creates an ext4 disk image from the rootfs
+- Boots QEMU with your kernel
+- Provides full VM isolation
+- Works for any architecture (no binfmt_misc needed)
+
+Requirements:
+- `qemu-system-<arch>` installed
+- `e2fsprogs` for disk image creation
+- Kernel with virtio support
+
 ## Supported distributions
 
 | Name | Source | Version examples |

SPEC.md

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ ecr [OPTIONS] <DISTRO[:VERSION]> -- [COMMAND]...
 | `--bind-rw <path>` | none | Read-write bind mount at `/mnt/<basename>` (can be specified multiple times, overrides `--bind` for same path) |
 | `--no-cache` | false | Download fresh tarball, ignore cache |
 | `--no-bind` | false | Skip mounting any directory |
+| `--kernel <path>` | none | Boot with QEMU system emulation using specified kernel (triggers disk image creation) |
+| `-m, --memory <size>` | 2G | Memory size for QEMU VM (only used with `--kernel`) |
+| `-v, --verbose` | false | Print diagnostic messages |
 | `-h, --help` | - | Show help |
 | `-V, --version` | - | Show version |
 
@@ -182,6 +185,69 @@ Install QEMU user emulation:
 
 No action required. Modern qemu-user-static packages register binfmt_misc with the `F` (fix binary) flag, loading the interpreter into kernel memory. The kernel handles foreign binary execution transparently.
 
+## QEMU System Emulation Mode
+
+When `--kernel` is specified, ecr switches from namespace/chroot mode to QEMU system emulation. The extracted rootfs is converted to a disk image and booted with the provided kernel.
+
+### Usage
+
+```sh
+ecr --kernel /boot/vmlinuz ubuntu:noble
+ecr --kernel /boot/vmlinuz --memory 4G alpine
+ecr --kernel /boot/vmlinuz debian -- /bin/sh -c "echo hello"
+```
+
+### Execution Flow
+
+1. Download/cache rootfs tarball (same as namespace mode)
+2. Extract tarball to temporary directory
+3. Create ext4 disk image from rootfs using `mke2fs -d` (requires `e2fsprogs`)
+4. Launch QEMU with:
+   - `-kernel <path>` - provided kernel
+   - `-append "root=/dev/vda rw console=ttyS0"` - kernel command line
+   - `-m <memory>` - memory size (default 2G)
+   - `-nographic` - console on stdio
+   - `-drive file=rootfs.img,format=raw,if=virtio` - rootfs disk
+   - `-netdev user,id=net0 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0` - network
+5. Wait for QEMU to exit
+6. Cleanup temporary files
+
+### Disk Image Creation
+
+The rootfs directory is converted to an ext4 disk image using `mke2fs -t ext4 -d <rootfs>`. This requires the `e2fsprogs` package:
+
+- Ubuntu/Debian: `sudo apt install e2fsprogs`
+- Arch: `sudo pacman -S e2fsprogs`
+- Alpine: `sudo apk add e2fsprogs`
+
+### Architecture Support
+
+| ecr Arch | QEMU System Binary |
+|----------|-------------------|
+| amd64/x86_64 | qemu-system-x86_64 |
+| arm64/aarch64 | qemu-system-aarch64 |
+| armhf/armv7 | qemu-system-arm |
+| riscv64 | qemu-system-riscv64 |
+| ppc64el | qemu-system-ppc64 |
+| s390x | qemu-system-s390x |
+
+### Requirements
+
+- QEMU system emulator installed (`qemu-system-<arch>`)
+- `e2fsprogs` for disk image creation
+- Kernel with virtio support (for disk and network drivers)
+
+### Differences from Namespace Mode
+
+| Feature | Namespace Mode | QEMU Mode |
+|---------|---------------|-----------|
+| Isolation | User namespace | Full VM |
+| Performance | Near-native | Emulated (slower) |
+| Root access | No | No |
+| Foreign arch | binfmt_misc required | Built-in emulation |
+| Bind mounts | Overlay/bind | Not supported |
+| Network | Host network | User-mode network |
+
 ## File Handling
 
 ### Overlay Mount (Default)

src/cli.rs

@@ -33,6 +33,14 @@ pub struct Args {
     #[arg(short = 'v', long)]
     pub verbose: bool,
 
+    /// Boot with QEMU system emulation using specified kernel (extracts rootfs as disk image)
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "KERNEL_PATH")]
+    pub kernel: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Memory size for QEMU VM (only used with --kernel, e.g., 512M, 2G)
+    #[arg(short = 'm', long, default_value = "2G", value_name = "SIZE")]
+    pub memory: String,
+
     /// Command to run inside the chroot (default: interactive shell)
     #[arg(
         trailing_var_arg = true,

src/main.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ mod extract;
 mod mount;
 mod namespace;
 mod qemu;
+mod qemu_vm;
 mod verbose;
 
 /// Print to stderr only when --verbose / -v is active.
@@ -113,11 +114,56 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
         veprintln!("Using cached tarball: {}", cache_path.display());
     }
 
-    // Check QEMU if foreign architecture
+    // Check QEMU if foreign architecture (for namespace mode)
-    if arch != host_arch {
+    // For VM mode, we don't need binfmt_misc since we're using system emulation
+    if args.kernel.is_none() && arch != host_arch {
         qemu::check_binfmt(&arch)?;
     }
 
+    // Create temp directory for extraction
+    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+    let rootfs = temp_dir.path().to_path_buf();
+
+    veprintln!("Extracting to: {}", rootfs.display());
+    extract_tarball(&cache_path, &rootfs)?;
+
+    // Branch based on --kernel flag
+    if let Some(kernel_path) = &args.kernel {
+        // QEMU system mode
+        veprintln!("QEMU mode: booting with kernel {}", kernel_path.display());
+
+        let command = if args.command.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(args.command.clone())
+        };
+
+        let result = qemu_vm::launch_qemu(qemu_vm::QemuConfig {
+            kernel_path: kernel_path.clone(),
+            rootfs_path: rootfs,
+            memory: args.memory.clone(),
+            arch: arch.clone(),
+            command,
+        });
+
+        // Cleanup happens automatically via tempfile
+        if result.is_ok() {
+            veprintln!("Cleanup complete.");
+        }
+
+        result
+    } else {
+        // Namespace/chroot mode
+        namespace_mode(args, rootfs, config)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Run in namespace/chroot mode
+fn namespace_mode(
+    args: Args,
+    rootfs: std::path::PathBuf,
+    config: Config,
+) -> Result<()> {
     // Check user namespace availability
     namespace::check_user_namespace()?;
 
@@ -140,13 +186,6 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     }
     let bind_rw_paths: Vec<std::path::PathBuf> = args.bind_rw.clone();
 
-    // Create temp directory for extraction
-    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir()?;
-    let rootfs = temp_dir.path().to_path_buf();
-
-    veprintln!("Extracting to: {}", rootfs.display());
-    extract_tarball(&cache_path, &rootfs)?;
-
     // Prepare data for the closure
     let bind_paths_clone = bind_paths.clone();
     let bind_rw_paths_clone = bind_rw_paths.clone();

src/qemu_vm.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+use crate::veprintln;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
+
+/// QEMU system emulation configuration
+pub struct QemuConfig {
+    /// Path to the kernel image (vmlinuz)
+    pub kernel_path: PathBuf,
+    /// Path to the rootfs directory
+    pub rootfs_path: PathBuf,
+    /// Memory size for VM (e.g., "2G", "512M")
+    pub memory: String,
+    /// Target architecture
+    pub arch: String,
+    /// Optional command to run instead of default init
+    pub command: Option<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+/// Launch QEMU with the given configuration
+pub fn launch_qemu(config: QemuConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    // Check that kernel exists
+    if !config.kernel_path.exists() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "Kernel not found: {}",
+            config.kernel_path.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    // Check that rootfs exists
+    if !config.rootfs_path.exists() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "Rootfs not found: {}",
+            config.rootfs_path.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    // Create a disk image from the rootfs
+    let disk_image = create_disk_image(&config.rootfs_path)?;
+
+    // Get QEMU binary for architecture
+    let qemu_bin = qemu_binary_for_arch(&config.arch);
+
+    // Check QEMU exists
+    which::which(&qemu_bin).context(format!(
+        "QEMU system emulator '{}' not found. Install it with:\n\
+         Ubuntu/Debian: sudo apt install qemu-system-{}\n\
+         Arch: sudo pacman -S qemu-system-{}\n\
+         Alpine: sudo apk add qemu-system-{}",
+        qemu_bin, get_arch_package_suffix(&config.arch), get_arch_package_suffix(&config.arch), get_arch_package_suffix(&config.arch)
+    ))?;
+
+    // Build kernel command line
+    // Container rootfs images don't have /sbin/init - they expect a command as PID 1
+    // We use init=/bin/sh as default, and if a command is specified, we pass it to sh
+    let kernel_append = if let Some(ref cmd) = config.command {
+        let cmd_str = cmd.join(" ");
+        format!(
+            "root=/dev/vda rw console=ttyS0 init=/bin/sh -- -c \"{}\"",
+            cmd_str
+        )
+    } else {
+        // Default to interactive shell
+        "root=/dev/vda rw console=ttyS0 init=/bin/sh".to_string()
+    };
+
+    veprintln!("Launching QEMU: {}", qemu_bin);
+    veprintln!("  Kernel: {}", config.kernel_path.display());
+    veprintln!("  Disk image: {}", disk_image.display());
+    veprintln!("  Memory: {}", config.memory);
+    veprintln!("  Kernel append: {}", kernel_append);
+
+    // Build QEMU arguments
+    // -display none suppresses VGA/BIOS output
+    // -serial mon:stdio connects serial console to terminal with QEMU monitor muxed
+    let args = vec![
+        "-kernel".to_string(),
+        config.kernel_path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        "-append".to_string(),
+        kernel_append,
+        "-m".to_string(),
+        config.memory.clone(),
+        "-display".to_string(),
+        "none".to_string(),
+        "-serial".to_string(),
+        "mon:stdio".to_string(),
+        "-drive".to_string(),
+        format!(
+            "file={},format=raw,if=virtio",
+            disk_image.to_string_lossy()
+        ),
+        "-netdev".to_string(),
+        "user,id=net0".to_string(),
+        "-device".to_string(),
+        "virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0".to_string(),
+    ];
+
+    // Execute QEMU
+    let status = Command::new(&qemu_bin)
+        .args(&args)
+        .status()
+        .context("Failed to execute QEMU")?;
+
+    // Cleanup disk image
+    if let Err(e) = std::fs::remove_file(&disk_image) {
+        veprintln!("Warning: failed to cleanup disk image: {}", e);
+    }
+
+    if !status.success() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "QEMU exited with non-zero status: {}",
+            status.code().unwrap_or(-1)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Get QEMU system binary name for architecture
+fn qemu_binary_for_arch(arch: &str) -> String {
+    match arch {
+        "amd64" | "x86_64" => "qemu-system-x86_64".to_string(),
+        "arm64" | "aarch64" => "qemu-system-aarch64".to_string(),
+        "armhf" | "armv7" => "qemu-system-arm".to_string(),
+        "riscv64" => "qemu-system-riscv64".to_string(),
+        "ppc64el" | "ppc64le" => "qemu-system-ppc64".to_string(),
+        "s390x" => "qemu-system-s390x".to_string(),
+        other => format!("qemu-system-{}", other),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get architecture suffix for package names
+fn get_arch_package_suffix(arch: &str) -> &str {
+    match arch {
+        "amd64" | "x86_64" => "x86",
+        "arm64" | "aarch64" => "aarch64",
+        "armhf" | "armv7" => "arm",
+        "riscv64" => "riscv64",
+        "ppc64el" | "ppc64le" => "ppc",
+        "s390x" => "s390x",
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a raw disk image from a directory
+fn create_disk_image(rootfs: &PathBuf) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    veprintln!("Creating disk image from rootfs...");
+
+    // Create a temporary file for the disk image
+    let disk_image = rootfs.parent().unwrap().join("rootfs.img");
+
+    // Use mke2fs to create an ext4 filesystem image
+    // First, calculate size needed (du -sb)
+    let du_output = Command::new("du")
+        .arg("-sb")
+        .arg(rootfs)
+        .output()
+        .context("Failed to calculate rootfs size")?;
+
+    let size_str = String::from_utf8_lossy(&du_output.stdout);
+    let size: u64 = size_str
+        .split_whitespace()
+        .next()
+        .context("Failed to parse du output")?
+        .parse()
+        .context("Failed to parse size")?;
+
+    // Add 50% overhead for filesystem metadata, journal, and some free space
+    // ext4 with journal can have significant overhead
+    let image_size = size + (size / 2);
+    // Minimum 64MB for small rootfs to ensure enough space for metadata
+    let image_size = image_size.max(64 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+    veprintln!("Rootfs size: {} bytes, image size: {} bytes", size, image_size);
+
+    // Create the image file
+    let image_file = std::fs::File::create(&disk_image)
+        .context("Failed to create disk image file")?;
+    
+    // Pre-allocate the file
+    image_file
+        .set_len(image_size)
+        .context("Failed to allocate disk image")?;
+    drop(image_file);
+
+    // Try to use mke2fs to create an ext4 image with the directory contents
+    // This is the most efficient way on Linux
+    veprintln!("Running: mke2fs -t ext4 -d {} {}", rootfs.display(), disk_image.display());
+    let mke2fs_result = Command::new("mke2fs")
+        .arg("-t")
+        .arg("ext4")
+        .arg("-d")
+        .arg(rootfs)
+        .arg(&disk_image)
+        .output();
+
+    match mke2fs_result {
+        Ok(output) => {
+            if output.status.success() {
+                veprintln!("Disk image created successfully with mke2fs");
+                // Verify the image has content by checking if we can list files
+                let verify = Command::new("debugfs")
+                    .arg("-R")
+                    .arg("ls -l /")
+                    .arg(&disk_image)
+                    .output();
+                if let Ok(v) = verify {
+                    veprintln!("Root directory contents:\n{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&v.stdout));
+                }
+                return Ok(disk_image);
+            } else {
+                let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+                let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout);
+                veprintln!("mke2fs failed!");
+                veprintln!("  stdout: {}", stdout);
+                veprintln!("  stderr: {}", stderr);
+                // Don't continue if mke2fs exists but failed - it's the only reliable method
+                return Err(anyhow!(
+                    "mke2fs -d failed to create disk image.\n\
+                     stdout: {}\n\
+                     stderr: {}",
+                    stdout, stderr
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            veprintln!("mke2fs not available: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fallback: create a simple ext4 image and copy files
+    // Try mkfs.ext4
+    let mkfs_result = Command::new("mkfs.ext4")
+        .arg("-F")
+        .arg(&disk_image)
+        .output();
+
+    match mkfs_result {
+        Ok(output) => {
+            if !output.status.success() {
+                return Err(anyhow!(
+                    "mkfs.ext4 failed: {}",
+                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "Neither mke2fs nor mkfs.ext4 available. Install e2fsprogs:\n\
+                 Ubuntu/Debian: sudo apt install e2fsprogs\n\
+                 Arch: sudo pacman -S e2fsprogs\n\
+                 Alpine: sudo apk add e2fsprogs\n\
+                 Error: {}",
+                e
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Mount the image and copy files
+    veprintln!("Mounting disk image and copying files...");
+
+    // Use debugfs to copy files (doesn't require root/mount)
+    let debugfs_result = copy_with_debugfs(rootfs, &disk_image)?;
+
+    if debugfs_result {
+        veprintln!("Disk image created successfully");
+        return Ok(disk_image);
+    }
+
+    // If debugfs failed, we need to try mounting (requires root or fuse)
+    // This is a last resort
+    Err(anyhow!(
+        "Could not create disk image. Please ensure e2fsprogs is installed with mke2fs support.\n\
+         The mke2fs -d option is required for non-root disk image creation."
+    ))
+}
+
+/// Copy files to the disk image using debugfs
+fn copy_with_debugfs(rootfs: &PathBuf, disk_image: &PathBuf) -> Result<bool> {
+    // Use debugfs to write files - this doesn't require mounting
+    let mut debugfs = match Command::new("debugfs")
+        .arg("-w")
+        .arg(disk_image)
+        .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+        .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+        .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+        .spawn()
+    {
+        Ok(child) => child,
+        Err(_) => return Ok(false),
+    };
+
+    let stdin = debugfs.stdin.as_mut().context("Failed to open debugfs stdin")?;
+
+    // Write files recursively
+    fn write_directory(
+        dir: &PathBuf,
+        prefix: &str,
+        stdin: &mut std::process::ChildStdin,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for entry in std::fs::read_dir(dir)? {
+            let entry = entry?;
+            let path = entry.path();
+            let name = entry.file_name().to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+            let target = if prefix.is_empty() {
+                format!("/{}", name)
+            } else {
+                format!("{}/{}", prefix, name)
+            };
+
+            if path.is_dir() {
+                // Create directory
+                writeln!(stdin, "mkdir {}", target)?;
+                write_directory(&path, &target, stdin)?;
+            } else {
+                // Write file
+                writeln!(stdin, "write {} {}", path.display(), target)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    if let Err(e) = write_directory(rootfs, "", stdin) {
+        veprintln!("debugfs write failed: {}", e);
+        let _ = debugfs.kill();
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    // stdin is implicitly dropped here when it goes out of scope
+
+    let output = debugfs
+        .wait_with_output()
+        .context("Failed to wait for debugfs")?;
+
+    if !output.status.success() {
+        veprintln!(
+            "debugfs failed: {}",
+            String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+        );
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+}